Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation , mainly originating outside the Solar System [1] and even from distant galaxies. [2] Upon impact with the Earth's atmosphere , cosmic rays can produce showers of secondary particles that sometimes reach the surface . Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei , they are of uncertain origin. Data from the Fermi Space Telescope (2013) [3] have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernova explosions of stars. [4] Active galactic nuclei also appear to produce cosmic rays, based on observations of neutrinos and gamma rays from blazar TXS 0506+056 in 2018. [5] [6]
Page Revisions
| Year | Metadata | Sections | Top Words | First Paragraph |
| 2018 |
295956 characters 30 sections 59 paragraphs 18 images 563 internal links 227 external links |
cosmic 0.594 rays 0.524 ray 0.190 energy 0.156 nuclei 0.149 particles 0.126 gev 0.109 ionization 0.096 radiation 0.096 energies 0.093 gamma 0.093 photons 0.091 positrons 0.082 plastic 0.077 ev 0.077 |
Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation , mainly originating outside the Solar System [1] and even from distant galaxies. [2] Upon impact with the Earth's atmosphere , cosmic rays can produce showers of secondary particles that sometimes reach the surface . Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei , they are of uncertain origin. Data from the Fermi Space Telescope (2013) [3] have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernova explosions of stars. [4] Active galactic nuclei also appear to produce cosmic rays, based on observations of neutrinos and gamma rays from blazar TXS 0506+056 in 2018. [5] [6] |
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| 2017 |
283479 characters 30 sections 59 paragraphs 19 images 558 internal links 199 external links |
cosmic 0.591 rays 0.507 ray 0.198 energy 0.159 nuclei 0.151 gev 0.135 particles 0.128 energies 0.102 ionization 0.098 radiation 0.097 photons 0.092 gamma 0.089 positrons 0.083 plastic 0.078 ev 0.078 |
Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation , mainly originating outside the Solar System [1] and even from distant galaxies. [2] Upon impact with the Earth's atmosphere , cosmic rays can produce showers of secondary particles that sometimes reach the surface . Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei , they are of mysterious origin. Data from the Fermi Space Telescope (2013) [3] have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernova explosions of stars. [4] Active galactic nuclei are also theorized to produce cosmic rays. [5] |
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| 2016 |
279005 characters 30 sections 58 paragraphs 18 images 554 internal links 197 external links |
cosmic 0.599 rays 0.515 ray 0.197 energy 0.155 nuclei 0.148 gev 0.132 particles 0.125 energies 0.099 radiation 0.095 photons 0.090 ionization 0.087 gamma 0.087 positrons 0.081 plastic 0.077 ev 0.076 |
Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation , mainly originating outside the Solar System . [1] Upon impact with the Earth's atmosphere , cosmic rays can produce showers of secondary particles that sometimes reach the surface . Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei , they are of mysterious origin. Data from the Fermi space telescope (2013) [2] have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae explosions of stars. [3] Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays. [4] |
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| 2015 |
272442 characters 26 sections 55 paragraphs 19 images 550 internal links 186 external links |
cosmic 0.599 rays 0.515 ray 0.192 nuclei 0.150 gev 0.140 particles 0.122 energy 0.119 radiation 0.101 ionization 0.093 energies 0.092 positrons 0.086 plastic 0.081 gamma 0.076 flux 0.076 cherenkov 0.069 |
Cosmic rays are immensely high-energy radiation , mainly originating outside the Solar System . [1] They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate and impact the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even reach the surface . Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei , they are of mysterious origin. Data from the Fermi space telescope (2013) [2] has been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae of massive stars. [3] However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays. |
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| 2014 |
242311 characters 26 sections 53 paragraphs 18 images 535 internal links 134 external links |
cosmic 0.591 rays 0.512 ray 0.191 gev 0.159 nuclei 0.149 particles 0.127 energy 0.113 radiation 0.101 ionization 0.096 positrons 0.089 energies 0.088 plastic 0.084 gamma 0.079 flux 0.073 cherenkov 0.072 |
Cosmic rays are immensely high-energy radiation , mainly originating outside the Solar System . [1] They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate and impact the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even reach the surface . Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei , they are of mysterious origin. Data from the Fermi space telescope (2013) [2] have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae of massive stars. [3] However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays. |
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| 2013 |
206136 characters 26 sections 52 paragraphs 12 images 312 internal links 121 external links |
cosmic 0.593 rays 0.516 ray 0.189 nuclei 0.158 particles 0.128 energy 0.113 ionization 0.103 gev 0.099 radiation 0.096 energies 0.086 gamma 0.084 positrons 0.083 plastic 0.081 ev 0.080 cherenkov 0.076 |
Cosmic rays are very high-energy particles , mainly originating outside the Solar System . [1] They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate and impact the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even reach the surface . Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, they are of mysterious origin. Data from the Fermi space telescope (2013) [2] have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae of massive stars. [3] However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays. |
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| 2012 |
140545 characters 24 sections 57 paragraphs 13 images 301 internal links 75 external links |
3. Secondary Cosmic Ray Particles |
cosmic 0.585 rays 0.448 ray 0.211 nuclei 0.160 particles 0.143 ionization 0.114 rossi 0.113 energy 0.106 energies 0.104 radiation 0.103 ev 0.100 rev 0.099 galactic 0.087 plastic 0.080 hess 0.080 |
Cosmic rays are very high energy particles , mainly originating in outer space , outside the Solar system . [1] They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even Earth's surface . |
| 2011 |
119820 characters 20 sections 51 paragraphs 12 images 278 internal links 65 external links |
cosmic 0.614 rays 0.454 ray 0.196 nuclei 0.184 ionization 0.114 ev 0.110 muons 0.102 particles 0.101 energies 0.095 radiation 0.089 energy 0.089 plastic 0.088 flux 0.079 hess 0.073 shower 0.066 |
Cosmic rays are energetic charged subatomic particles , originating from outer space . They may produce secondary particles that penetrate the Earth's atmosphere and surface. The term ray is historical as cosmic rays were thought to be electromagnetic radiation . Most primary cosmic rays (those that enter the atmosphere from deep space) are composed of familiar stable subatomic particles that normally occur on Earth, such as protons, atomic nuclei, or electrons. However, a very small fraction are stable particles of antimatter , such as positrons or antiprotons , and the precise nature of this remaining fraction is an area of active research. |
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| 2010 |
113682 characters 20 sections 46 paragraphs 8 images 283 internal links 52 external links |
cosmic 0.606 rays 0.436 ray 0.229 nuclei 0.224 particles 0.132 particle 0.110 shower 0.099 muon 0.098 energy 0.093 muons 0.092 ionization 0.082 radiation 0.072 energies 0.069 heliosphere 0.068 interact 0.066 |
Cosmic rays are energetic charged subatomic particles , originating from outer space , that impinge on Earth's atmosphere . They may produce secondary particles that may penetrate to the Earth's surface, and deeper. Cosmic rays are the same particles that are stable (nonradioactive) components of the types of atoms that normally occur on Earth, i.e. protons, atomic nuclei, or electrons. Cosmic rays thus resemble the particles that circulate inside particle accelerators , although cosmic ray energies may be far higher (see below). The term ray comes from the early days of radiation research, when a directed stream of any ionizing radiation was termed a "ray" (example, alpha rays). At the time they were named, the precise nature of cosmic rays was not understood, and it was thought they might be electromagnetic radiation, like gamma rays. Cosmic ray particles are now known to arrive individually, not in the form of a beam — although a single particle can produce a directed "shower" of many secondary particles. Today, when the particle nature of cosmic rays must be emphasized, the term "cosmic ray particle" is often used. |
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| 2009 |
94899 characters 19 sections 42 paragraphs 8 images 257 internal links 42 external links |
cosmic 0.588 rays 0.426 ray 0.218 nuclei 0.198 particles 0.136 particle 0.111 muons 0.104 shower 0.101 energy 0.100 ionization 0.093 hess 0.089 muon 0.079 heliosphere 0.077 interact 0.075 primary 0.070 |
Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from outer space that impinge on Earth's atmosphere . Almost 90% of all the incoming cosmic ray particles are simple protons , with nearly 10% being helium nuclei ( alpha particles ), and slightly under 1% are heavier elements, electrons ( beta particles ), or gamma ray photons . [1] The term ray is a misnomer, as cosmic particles arrive individually, not in the form of a ray or beam of particles. However, when they were first dicovered, cosmic rays were thought to be rays. When their particle nature needs to be emphasized, simply write "cosmic ray particle". |
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| 2008 |
83632 characters 25 sections 52 paragraphs 5 images 168 internal links 36 external links |
cosmic 0.615 rays 0.483 ray 0.168 nuclei 0.162 particles 0.119 energy 0.115 particle 0.107 energies 0.103 galactic 0.099 heliosheath 0.091 muons 0.085 shower 0.083 gcr 0.078 ionization 0.076 heliosphere 0.073 |
Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on Earth's atmosphere . Almost 90% of all the incoming cosmic ray particles are protons , about 9% are helium nuclei ( alpha particles ) and about 1% are electrons ( beta minus particles ). The term "ray" is a misnomer, as cosmic particles arrive individually, not in the form of a ray or beam of particles. |
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| 2007 |
69912 characters 21 sections 46 paragraphs 4 images 158 internal links 28 external links |
cosmic 0.621 rays 0.491 ray 0.167 nuclei 0.167 particles 0.125 energy 0.113 energies 0.103 heliosheath 0.099 muons 0.092 shower 0.090 galactic 0.086 gcr 0.084 particle 0.081 heliosphere 0.079 termination 0.078 |
Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on Earth's atmosphere . Almost 90% of all the incoming cosmic ray particles are protons , about 9% are helium nuclei ( alpha particles ) and about 1% are electrons . The term "ray" is a misnomer, as cosmic particles arrive individually, not in the form of a ray or beam of particles. |
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| 2006 |
32719 characters 13 sections 17 paragraphs 2 images 98 internal links 18 external links |
cosmic 0.512 rays 0.446 nuclei 0.225 muons 0.207 muon 0.158 neutrinos 0.152 rossi 0.126 particle 0.117 neutrino 0.113 interact 0.111 ray 0.105 particles 0.103 energy 0.100 radiation 0.096 showers 0.089 |
In astrophysics , cosmic rays are radiation consisting of energetic particles originating beyond the Earth that impinge on the Earth's atmosphere . Cosmic rays are composed mainly of bare nuclei, roughly 87% protons , 12% alpha particles ( helium nuclei) and most of the rest being made up of heavier atomic nuclei with relative abundances comparable to those found in the Sun. Electrons , gamma rays , and very high-energy neutrinos also make up a much smaller fraction of the cosmic radiation. |
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| 2005 |
15758 characters 9 sections 11 paragraphs 1 images 52 internal links 1 external links |
cosmic 0.512 rays 0.312 muons 0.310 neutrinos 0.228 nuclei 0.224 ray 0.176 particle 0.156 energies 0.145 pions 0.142 interact 0.139 hess 0.133 lightning 0.130 breakdown 0.121 ev 0.111 kaons 0.105 |
Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as radiation consisting of energetic particles originating outside of the Earth . Cosmic rays are composed mainly of ionized nuclei, roughly 87% protons , 12% helium nuclei and most of the rest being made up of heavier nuclei. Electrons , gamma rays , and very high energy neutrinos also make up a much smaller fraction of the cosmic radiation. Though muons are not stable, the relativistic time dilation may allow them to reach Earth at very high energies. |
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| 2004 |
5114 characters 1 sections 7 paragraphs 0 images 23 internal links 0 external links |
cosmic 0.490 rays 0.416 hess 0.276 energies 0.240 ev 0.231 auger 0.175 1020 0.132 balloon 0.123 nuclei 0.116 particles 0.116 ray 0.109 energetic 0.106 originate 0.098 air 0.090 disproven 0.087 |
Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth . The composition includes electrons , protons , gamma rays , and atomic nuclei from a large region of the periodic table . The kinetic energies of these particles span over fourteen orders of magnitude, with the flux of cosmic rays on the Earth's surface falling approximately as the inverse cube of the energy. The wide variety of particle energies is reflected in the wide variety of sources. Cosmic rays originate from energetic processes on the Sun all the way to the farthest reaches of the visible universe . |
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| 2003 |
3326 characters 1 sections 5 paragraphs 0 images 18 internal links 0 external links |
rays 0.506 cosmic 0.447 energies 0.329 energetic 0.193 conceptually 0.153 mev 0.148 isotropic 0.144 neutrons 0.125 fourteen 0.125 sun 0.120 emit 0.116 protons 0.116 references 0.115 kinetic 0.115 variety 0.113 |
Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth . The composition includes electrons , protons , neutrons , and atomic nuclei from a large region of the periodic table . The kinetic energies of these particles span over fourteen orders of magnitude. The wide variety of particle energies is reflected in the wide variety of sources. Cosmic rays originate from energetic processes on the Sun all the way to the farthest reaches of the visible universe. |
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| 2002 |
3326 characters 1 sections 5 paragraphs 0 images 18 internal links 0 external links |
rays 0.506 cosmic 0.447 energies 0.329 energetic 0.193 conceptually 0.153 mev 0.148 isotropic 0.144 neutrons 0.125 fourteen 0.125 sun 0.120 emit 0.116 protons 0.116 references 0.115 kinetic 0.115 variety 0.113 |
Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth . The composition includes electrons , protons , neutrons , and atomic nuclei from a large region of the periodic table . The kinetic energies of these particles span over fourteen orders of magnitude. The wide variety of particle energies is reflected in the wide variety of sources. Cosmic rays originate from energetic processes on the Sun all the way to the farthest reaches of the visible universe. |
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| 2001 |
4942 characters 0 sections 17 paragraphs 0 images 0 internal links 1 external links |
cosmic 0.488 rays 0.399 galaxy 0.268 nuclei 0.232 gcrs 0.217 fingerprint 0.195 supernova 0.195 ray 0.145 protons 0.127 element 0.123 particles 0.116 remnant 0.111 accelerated 0.107 remnants 0.102 galactic 0.100 |
Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are the high-energy particles that flow into our solar system from far away in the Galaxy. GCRs are mostly pieces of atoms: protons, electrons, and atomic nuclei which have had all of the surrounding electrons stripped during their high-speed (almost the speed of light) passage through the Galaxy. Cosmic rays provide one of our few direct samples of matter from outside the solar system. The magnetic fields of the Galaxy, the solar system, and the Earth have scrambled the flight paths of these particles so much that we can no longer point back to their sources in the Galaxy. If you made a map of the sky with cosmic ray intensities, it would be completely uniform. So we have to determine where cosmic rays come from by indirect means. |